| (A) Comparisons between LE and BIL speakers | |||||
| Stutterers | M/F ratio | % Stutter in one/both languages | Age at stuttering onset | SATS | SSI-3 |
| LE, n = 15 | 4:1 | 0% | 4 years 9 months | Same as all peers | Same as other stutterers |
| BIL, n = 23 | 4.75:1 | 5.3% | 4 years 10 months | Same as all peers | Same as other stutterers |
| NS | – | NS | NS | NS | |
| (B) Comparison between all bilingual stutterers and bilingual non-stutterers | |||||
| Prevalence of a second language in respective sample | |||||
| Bilingual stutterers | 21.8% | ||||
| Bilingual non-stutterers | 28.4% | ||||
| NS | |||||
| (C) Comparisons between stuttering and non-stuttering groups | |||||
| Incidence of LE and BIL | Recovery rate of LE and BIL | ||||
| Stuttering sample | Fewer LE than BIL | Recovery rate of LE better than that of BIL | |||
| Non-stuttering sample | More LE than BIL | – | |||
| Significant | Significant | ||||
BIL, bilingual from birth; LE, learned English at school; M/F, male/female; NS, not significant; SATS, Standard Attainment Test educational score; SSI-3, Stuttering Severity Instrument, Third Edition.